The Journal offered "downsides" to this planning emphasis, but appeared to contradict its own arguments with UK data. It suggested downtown preservation imposes costs on residents via high prices resulting from constrained competition and retailing "efficiency," and suggest the population would prefer the "greater convenience and lower prices," of out-of-town malls and superstores. It also tried to link England's high unemployment to town center development, citing an American report identifying strict zoning laws as the "most obvious and easily correctable barriers to increased employment in retail." Yet the article also notes the 95% commercial occupancy rate in downtown Norwich, including all of Britain's big retailers, describes a scene of thousands of weekday shoppers, and concludes that "most shoppers seem willing to pay more to protect their lifestyle." The primary British trade group for retailers says that twice as many new retail stores are planned for location in town centers than outside them. A 1989 study of ten European cities found "little or no relationship" between retail success and large-scale parking provision; nor was there one between office and shop rents and parking.